نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه مدیریت دولتی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
2 استاد گروه مدیریت دولتی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
هدف این پژوهش بررسی عوامل موثر بر میزان اعتماد مدیران دولتی به شهروندان و تاثیر آن بر میزان مشارکت شهروندان و درگیر شدن آنها در تدوین، اجرا و ارزیابی سیاستهای بخش عمومی است. این تحقیق از نظر مخاطب استفاده، در زمره تحقیقات کاربردی، از نظر هدف، در رسته تحقیقات توصیفی و نیز از نظر گردآوری داده، در زمره تحقیقات پیمایشی قرار می‌گیرد. همچنین به منظور گرد آوری داده های مورد نیاز، از ابزار پرسشنامه استاندارد استفاده شده است. یافته‌های تحقیق حاضر بیانگر آن است که متغیر اعتماد مدیران به شهروندان می‌تواند در اثرگذاری سه عامل گرایش به اعتماد، تجربیات پیشین و انتقاد به دولت بر میزان مشارکت شهروندان نقش میانجی کامل را ایفا نموده، در حالیکه اعتماد مدیران به شهروندان در تاثیر کارایی شخصی بر میزان مشارکت شهروندان نقش میانجی خفیف (مکمل) را ایفا می‌نماید. اعتماد سازمانها و مدیران به مردم، به ارتقا و بهبود سطح همکاری دولت و ملت می انجامد و حکمرانی مشارکتی واقعی، بدون اعتماد دولت به شهروندان امکان پذیر نخواهد بود. برای شکل گیری و بالندگی اعتماد دولت به شهروندان ، اعتقاد و باور به دانش و مهارتهای عملی آنها، گوش فرا دادن به مطالبات و صدای ایشان، تسهیم قدرت با آنها، نمایش واقعی اعتماد و احترام در فرایندهای اداری و آموزش و درگیر نمودن آنها در این فرایندها باید سرلوحه تصمیمات مدیران قرار گیرد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Government Trust in People: Missing Link in Citizen Participation in Implementation of Public Policies (Case study: Markazi Province)
نویسندگان [English]
- Mehrdad Bayat Babolghani 1
- Abolhassan Faghihi 2
- Karamollah Daneshfard 2
1 Ph.D. Student in Public Management, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Prof. in Public Management, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]
This study looks at the views of public administrators in citizens, in particular their level of trust toward the ability, integrity, and benevolence of citizens when participating in public programs. This research is in the category of applied research, from target audience view; from objective perspective, it belongs to descriptive research category and from data collection view, it is in the survey research category. Path analysis and mediator analysis via Bootstrap method were used for data analysis using SPSS software. The findings of the present study indicate that trust in citizens can play a mediating role in influencing the three factors of propensity to trust, public administrators' past experiences and government bashing by people on citizen participation, whereas public administrators' trust in citizens plays a mild (complementary) role in influencing self-efficacy of public administrators on citizen participation. Public administrators' trust in citizens will lead to the enhancement of the level of cooperation between the government and citizens, and real participatory governance will not be possible without the trust toward citizens. The constructive effect of trust is to enhance and improve the level of cooperation between government and civil society. To build government trust in citizens, to believe in their practical knowledge and skills, to listen to their demands and voices, to share power with them, to truly demonstrate trust and respect in administrative processes, and to train and engage them in this process should be at the heart of managers' decisions in the process of formulating, implementing, and evaluating policies.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- "Trust"
- " Public Administrators' Trust in Citizens"
- "Citizen Trustworthiness"
- "Citizen Participation"
- جابرانصاری، محمدرضا؛ نجف بیگی، رضا؛ الوانی، سیدمهدی (1395). «راهکارهای ارتقای اعتماد عمومی به سازمان‌های دولتی»، دوفصلنامة قدرت نرم، دوره6، شماره 15، صص20-8.
- ذولفقاری، مهدی و دشتی، فرزانه (1397). «مؤلفه‌ها و ظرفیت‌های قدرت نرم جمهوری اسلامی ایران در دیپلماسی فرهنگی»، دو فصلنامه مطالعات قدرت نرم، دوره 8، شماره 2، پاییز و زمستان.
- رضایی، فاطمه؛ نوری، ابوالقاسم؛ عریضی، حمیدرضا (1390). «بی نزاکتی در محیط کار و قصد ترک شغل با توجه به نقش میانجی گری عدالت سازمانی»، فصلنامة دانش و پژوهش در روان شناسی کاربردی، دوره12، شماره 4، صص50-40.
- عباس زاده، محمد (1383). «عوامل مؤثر بر شکل‌گیری اعتماد اجتماعی دانشجویان»، فصلنامة رفاه اجتماعی، دوره 4، شماره 15، صص292-267.
- قلی‌پور، آرین؛ پیران نژاد، علی (1387). «ارتقای اعتماد عمومی و دموکراسی الکترونیکی: تبیین نقش دولت الکترونیک»، مدرس علوم انسانی، دوره 12، شماره 1، صص 256-219.
- Abbaszade, M. (2005). The Study of Effectives Factors upon the Formation of Social Trust among the Master & Ph.D. Students of Tabriz University. Journal of Social Welfare, 4(15), 267-292. (in Persian)
- Aitalieva, N. R. (2014). Citizen Confidence in the Public Service: An Examination of Established and Emerging Democracies in North America and Eurasia, University of Tennessee – Knoxville, Doctoral Dissertations.
- Bandura, A. (1994). Self-Efficacy. Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, edited by V.S. Ramachaudran, 4, 71–81. New York: Academic Press.
- Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The Moderator- Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
- Berman, E. M. (1997). Dealing with cynical citizens. Public Administration Review, 57, 105-112.
- Bianco, W. T. (1994). Trust: Representatives and Constituents. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- Bouckaert, G., & Van De Walle, S. (2001). Government Performance and Trust in Government. Paper presented at the Annual EGPA meeting, Finland.
- Bouckaert, G., & Van De Walle, S. (2003). Quality of Public Service Delivery and Trust in Government. In Governing Networks EGPA Yearbook, (Eds), Ari Salminen, Amsterdam: IOS Press, 299-318.
- Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. K.A. Bollen & J.S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models, 136- 162. Newby Park, CA: Sage.
- Christensen, T., & Lagreid, P. (2005). Trust in Government: The Relative Importance of Service Satisfaction, Political Factors, and Demography. Public Performance and Management Review, 28(4), 487-511.
- Citrin, J., & Muste, C. (1999). Trust in Government. In John P. Robinson, Phillip R. Shaver, And Lawrence S. Wrightsman (Eds.) Measures of Political Attitudes. San Diego: Academic Press, 465-532.
- Colquitt, J. A., Brent, S., & Lepine, J. A. (2007). Trust, Trustworthiness, and Trust Propensity: A Meta-Analytic Test of Their Unique Relationships with Risk Taking and Job Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 909–927.
- Dasgupta, P. (1988). Trust as a Commodity. In Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations. Diego Gambetta, (Ed). New York: Basil Blackwell, Inc.
- Doney, P. M., & Cannon, J. P. (1997). An Examination of the Nature of Trust in Buyer-Seller Relationships. Journal of Marketing, 61(2), 35-51.
- Dunn, J. (1988). Trust and Political Agency. In D. Gambetta (Eds.), Trust: Making and breaking cooperative relations, 73-93. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
- Efron, B. (2000). The Bootstrap and Modern Statistics. JASA, 95, 1293-96.
- Eisenstadt, S.N. (1995). Power, Trust and Meaning. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Fukuyama, E. (1996). Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. New York: Free Press.
- Gholipour A., & Pirannezhad A. (2008). Promotion of Public Trust and E-Democracy: Exploration of the Role of E-Government. Modarres Human Sciences, 12(1), 219-256. (in Persian)
- Giddens, A. (1996). The Consequence of Modernity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Greed, D., & Miles, R. E. (1996). Trust in organizations. In R. M. Kramer & T. R. Tyler (Eds.), Trust in organizations: Frontiers of theory and research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 16-38.
- Hardin, R. (2002). Trust and Trustworthiness. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
- Inglehart, R. (1997). Post-Materialist Values and The Erosion of Institutional Authority. In Joseph S. Nye, Philip D. Zelikow and David C. King (Eds.), Why People don’ t Trust Government. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 217-236.
- Irvin, R. A., & Stansbury, J. (2004). Citizen Participation in Decision Making: Is It worth the effort? Public Administration Review, 64(1), 55–65.
- King, C. S., Feltey, K. M., & O’Niel, B. (1998). The question of participation: Toward authentic public participation in public administration. Public Administration Review, 58, 317-326.
- King, C. S., & Stivers, C. (1998). Citizens and administrators: Roles and relationships. In C. S. King & C. Stivers (Eds.), Government is us. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 49-70.
- La Porte, T. R., & Metlay, D. S. (1996). Hazard and Institutional Trustworthiness: Facing a Deficit of Trust. Public Administration Review, 56, 341-347.
- Larsson, L. (2007). Public Trust in the PR Industry and its Actors. Journal of Communication Management, 11(3), 222–234.
- Lee, J. S., & Yu, J. H. (2013). Factors Affecting Public Servants’ Trust in Citizens: A Case Study of South Korean Central Government Officials. International Review of Public Administration, 18(3), 85-114.
- Levi, M., & Brathwaite, V. (1998). Introduction. In Brathwaite, V., &. Levi, M (Eds), Trust and governance. New York: Russell Sage, 1-6.
- Levi, M., & Stoker L. (2000). Political Trust and Trustworthiness. Annual Review of Political Science, 3(1), 475-507.
- Lipset, S. M., & Schneider, W. (1983). The Decline of Confidence in American Institutions. Political Science Quarterly, 98, 379-402.
- Mara, G.M. (2001). Thucydides and Plato on Democracy and Trust. The Journal of Politics, 63(3), 820-845.
- March, J. G. (1994). A Primer on Decision Making: How Decisions Happen. New York: Free Press.
- Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. J., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust. Academy of Management Review, 20, 709-734.
- Maynard-Moody, S., & Musheno, M. (2000). State Agent or Citizen Agent: Two Narratives of Discretion. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 10, 329-358.
- McAllister, D. J. (1995). Affect- and Cognition -Based Trust as Foundations for Interpersonal Cooperation in Organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 38(1), 24–59.
- Melkers, J. & Thomas, J. C. (1998). What Do Administrators Think Citizens Think? Administrator Predictions as an Adjunct to Citizen Surveys. Public Administration Review, 58(4), 327–34.
- Miller, A. H. (1974). Political Issues and Trust in Government. 1964-1970. The American Political Science Review, 68(3), 951-972.
- Mishra, A. K. (1996). Organizational Response to Crisis: The Centrality of Trust. Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research, edited by Roderick M. Kramer and Tom R. Tyler. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 261–287.
- Moyson, S. & Van de Walle, S & Groeneveld, S. (2016). What do public officials think about citizens? The role of public officials’ trust and their perceptions of citizens’ trustworthiness in interactive governance. In J. Edelenbos & I. Van Meerkerk (Eds.), Critical Reflections on Interactive Governance. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
- Mundy, E.J. (2007). Public Trust in Government: An Examination of Citizen Trust Differentials in Public Administrators and Other Government Officials at the Federal, State and Local Levels. A Dissertation Presented to The Graduate Faculty of the University of Akron.
- Offe, C. (1999). How Can We Trust Our Fellow Citizens? In Democracy and Trust. Mark E. Warren(Eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 42–87.
- Pedersen, K.H. & Johannsen, L. (2016). Where and how you sit: how civil servants view citizens' participation. Administration & Society, 48 (1), 104–129.
- Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS Procedures for Estimating Indirect Effects in Simple Mediation Models. Behavior Research Methods, 36, 717-731.
- Putnam, R. D. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Putnam, R.D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
- Raaphorst, N., & Van de Walle, S. (2016). Trust in and by the public sector. In: Searle, R., Nienaber, A., & Sikin, S. (eds), Routledge Companion to Trust. London: Routledge, 469-482.
- Rezaei, F., M. A., Nouri, A., & Oreyz, H. R. (2012). Workplace Incivility and Turnover Intention: The Mediating Role of Organizational Justice. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 12(4), 40-50. (in Persian)
- Rousseau, D. M., Siykin, S. B., Burt, R. S., & Camerer, C. (1998). Not so Different After All: A Cross-Discipline View of Trust. Academy of Management Journal, 23(3), 393-404.
- Ruscio, K. (1996). Trust, Democracy, and Public Management: A Theoretical Argument. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 6(3), 461-477.
- Six, F.E. (2013). Trust in regulatory relations: How New Insights from Trust Research Improve Regulation Theory. Public Management Review, 15(2), 163–185.
- Sztompka, P. (2003). Trust: A Sociological Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Van de Walle, S., & Bouckaert, G. (2003). Public Service Performance and Trust in Government: The Problem of Causality. International Journal of Public Administration, 26(8-9): 891-913.
- Van de Walle, S., Van Roosbroek, S., & Bouckaert, G. (2008). Trust in the Public Sector: Is There any Evidence for a Long-Term Decline? International Review of Administrative Sciences, 74(1), 47-64.
- Vigoda-Gadot, E. & Zalmanovitch, Y. & Belonogov, A. (2012). Public Servants’ Trust in Citizens: An Extension of Theory and an Empirical Examination with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Public Organization Review, 12(4), 383-99.
- Villeneuve, J.P. (2016). Citizen-Administration Relationships. A. Farazmand (ed.), Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governanc, Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 1-4.
- Whitener, E. M. (1997). The Impact of Human Resource Activities on Employee Trust. Human Resource Management Review, 7(4), 398-404.
- Whitener, E. M., Brodt, S., Korsgaard, M. A., & Werner, J. M. (1998). Managers as Initiators of Trust. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 513–30.
- Wolff, J. (2006). Trust and the State of Nature. Retrieved November 26, 2006 from www.open2.net/trust/downloads/docs/stateofnature.pdf.
- Wu, J., & Yang, Y. (2011). Does Public Servants’ Low Trust in Citizen Raters Really Matter? Evidence from Mainland China. International Public Management Review, 12(1), 1-21.
- Yang, K. (2005). Public Administrators’ Trust in Citizens: A Missing Link in Citizen Involvement Efforts. Public Administration Review, 65(3), 273–285.
- Yang, K (2006). Trust and Citizen Involvement Decisions: Trust in Citizens, Trust in Institutions, and Propensity to Trust. Administration & Society, 38(5), 572–595.
- Zegans, M. (1992). Innovation in the Well-Functioning Public Agency. Public Productivity & Management Review, 16(2), 141-156.
- Zhao, D., & Hu, W. (2015). Determinants of public trust in government: Empirical evidence from urban China. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 0(0), 1–20.
)