Soft power Studies

Exercising sovereignty over national cyberspace by relying on international law

seyed hosein alavi; mohamad reza hoseini; mehrab ramak

Volume 13, Issue 4 , February 2024, , Pages 35-54

Abstract

  At the beginning of the formation of cyberspace, some theorists believed that the development of cyberspace and the establishment of economic, political and cultural interactions at ...  Read More At the beginning of the formation of cyberspace, some theorists believed that the development of cyberspace and the establishment of economic, political and cultural interactions at the global level would be accompanied by definitions such as demarcation, land demarcation, demilitarization and de-governance, but it is now widely accepted. Cyberspace is not a law-free area where anyone can engage in any hostile activity by engaging in unregulated behavior without regard to internationally accepted rules, regulations and rules. The main issue of this study is whether the current principles and rules of international law, with determination and transparency, prevent cyber-hostile acts that violate the sovereignty of countries on cyber territory, and these reliable principles and rules in protecting the sovereignty of countries. Are they on national cyber territory? This paper concludes by reviewing the documents, principles and rules of international law related to national cyber sovereignty, which has been done using the qualitative content analysis method and the software tool of Mexico City, the principles and rules of current international law of the necessary efficiency and ability to protect Countries do not have national cyber sovereignty, and generally acts of violation of national cyber sovereignty of moderate and low severity (including: use of force, unauthorized intervention, etc.) are not prosecuted. Therefore, these rules and principles do not have the necessary deterrent against destructive actions and violations of national cyber sovereignty.

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Artificial intelligence as a tool of soft power in public policy

Mehrnoosh Abouzari

Volume 13, Issue 4 , February 2024, , Pages 81-100

Abstract

  Artificial intelligence is one of the new sciences that has been around for a century. Its nature and function, as an aspect of the soft power tool in the modern world, has an undeniable ...  Read More Artificial intelligence is one of the new sciences that has been around for a century. Its nature and function, as an aspect of the soft power tool in the modern world, has an undeniable impact on most areas of human life, and as an interdisciplinary matter, it is of special importance in society, economy and the public sector and it has created new opportunities. In this article, the capacities and capabilities of artificial intelligence are explained with a descriptive-analytical method, and along with the operational knowledge of this concept, the specific capabilities and use of artificial intelligence programs in public policy are considered. Because just as the modern government was able to become more effective and efficient in the context of the ability to collect information, in the context of artificial intelligence and its capabilities, it will probably be able to apply better and more efficient governance in the future. On the other hand regardless of the sectors in which artificial intelligence is used, its consequences can affect different levels of the public sphere, including positive consequences and challenges, which is considered in this article.

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،The Role of Good Governance and Soft Power in Water Diplomacy with Afghanistan

masoumeh zahiri; Amirhooshang Mirkooshesh; saeid kamyabi

Volume 13, Issue 4 , February 2024, , Pages 101-121

Abstract

  Soft power, which is a new kind of power that makes other states attractive and uses influential categories such as culture, values and foreign policy to create rapturous cooperation ...  Read More Soft power, which is a new kind of power that makes other states attractive and uses influential categories such as culture, values and foreign policy to create rapturous cooperation for governments without conflicts and hostile behaviors, has long been of interest to different countries around the world. Regarding the differences between the border rivers between Iran and Afghanistan that have faced threats and restrictions from the Afghan government to Iran's historical rights, and it is anticipated that based on the reliance on hard power, tensions between the two governments will escalate to the brink of war and conflict, it is possible that by using soft power, the Afghan government will be eager to recognize Iran's share of the Hirmand rivers. Harirud Culturally, it seems that the reliance and prominence of a common Persian culture includes Persian language and literature, a variety of arts, especially poetry and music, and relying on common values such as Islamic and ideological values, preserving the dignity of the neighbor, Xenophobia, especially anti-Americanism, and a non-profit, respectful and reliable foreign policy, can be the most attractive to the eastern neighbor. Also, in the case of economic assistance, the possibility of communication with international open waters and other affairs needed by the government and people of Afghanistan, through a peaceful and appropriate diplomacy, provided the water share and rights of the Iranian people in regard to the border waters. Keywords: Water, Border Rivers, Soft Power, Diplomacy, Iran, Afghanistan

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The role of soft power of enemies in managing the media and presenting countermeasures from the perspective of the Holy Quran

mojtaba ghorbanian; somaye kerdari; mehdi esnaasharan

Volume 13, Issue 4 , February 2024, , Pages 149-172

Abstract

  In this research, the researcher aims to explain the soft power of the enemies in managing the media and provide countermeasures from the perspective of the Holy Quran. for According ...  Read More In this research, the researcher aims to explain the soft power of the enemies in managing the media and provide countermeasures from the perspective of the Holy Quran. for According to the main research question, with a supplementary review of all the holy verses of the Quran, 1701 verses related to the research topic were extracted from the Holy Quran and analyzed. This research, which is conducted with a mixed method, is used in qualitative analysis based on grounded theory (grounded theory) with coding through MaxQuda software, and in quantitative analysis of the statistical population of the study, which includes the noble verses of the Holy Quran, related interpretations, and also 80 experts. and is practical. The data collection method is field (questionnaire) and library (documents). SPSS and MaxQuda software were used to analyze the data. In order to extract the noble verses of the Qur'an from the frequency table of the distribution of the words of the Qur'an, and based on the findings of this article, the absolute majority (87.36% of the sample population) believe that the soft power of the enemies is effective in managing the media, and the Holy Qur'an provides sound and appropriate solutions to deal with it. such as raising awareness, promoting science and knowledge, identifying the beliefs of the media, adopting policies to attract the audience, using the appropriate pen and word, etc.

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The intelligent leadership of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps under the authority of the Islamic Republic

farid mohammadi; Gholam reza Khajeh sarvi; Abbas Ali Rahbar

Volume 13, Issue 4 , February 2024

Abstract

  The current research aims to examine the role of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps in the Iran, in the form of intelligent leadership, to determine the position of the Revolutionary ...  Read More The current research aims to examine the role of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps in the Iran, in the form of intelligent leadership, to determine the position of the Revolutionary Guards Corps to deal with the threats of hard power (military, economic) and threats of soft power (political, socio-cultural) that are Enemies have been imposed. The main question of the research is how sepah has strengthened the authority in the form of intelligent leadership (soft power and hard power)? In order to answer this question, the hypothesis has been proposed that the IRGC has strengthened the authority of the of Iran in fulfilling the main slogans of the revolution in various economic, social, political and military dimensions with the all-round growth of the country's potentials. The method of data collection is documentary and interpretive, and books, articles, and reference sites were used, and we used a comparative strategy. The method of data analysis is based on descriptive-explanatory. The research findings indicate that there is a direct relationship between the threats in Iran. Therefore, the wider the range of threats, the IRGC has strengthened and consolidated the authority of the Iran system with its intelligent leadership in dealing with these threats. In terms of equalizing the power of hard and soft leadership, in the military sector, the IRGC consolidates the authority of the Islamic Republic of Iran more than in other cases; After that, it has strengthened the economic, political and socio-cultural sectors respectively.

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BRICS soft power enhancement requirements; Capacities and solutions

Hossein Karimifard

Volume 13, Issue 4 , February 2024

Abstract

  BRICS positions itself as a form of international union that includes Russia, India, Brazil, China and the Republic of South Africa. It acknowledges cultural diversity and authenticity ...  Read More BRICS positions itself as a form of international union that includes Russia, India, Brazil, China and the Republic of South Africa. It acknowledges cultural diversity and authenticity of countries that are members of the union. Another characteristic feature of BRICS is that it brought together countries that are very different from each other and are located at the opposite sides of the world, have versatile cultural foundations, languages, religion and philosophy and even political Styles of government. IN most articles written about BRICS, less attention is paid to cultural issues .IN this research, an attempt is made to analyze the diversity of the BRICS countries and the barriers to cultural exchanges between them using the analytical method and using various of data. The question of this article is: What capabilities and capacities of the BRICS organization with emphasis on soft power and cultural pluralism; They have the direction of cultural exchange. The hypothesis of this research, which is tried to be proved by analytical and explanatory method, is: BRICS member countries with emphasis on cultural diversity and pluralism and having cultural and civilizational capacities and capabilities such as tourism, museum, film. , the types of arts and the formation of different assemblies from academicians' assembly and civic associations by promoting mutual understanding, creating networks, promoting relations and strengthening soft power and cultural exchanges have caused more productive partnerships

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The initiative of the Islamic revolution in the solidarity and unity of the Muslim Ummah as soft power against enemies

Amirali Ketabi; nyyarah ghavi

Volume 13, Issue 3 , October 2023, , Pages 25-50

Abstract

  The victory of Iran's Great Islamic Revolution, and its Islamic and transboundary characteristics, in addition to changing the structures inside, has had its reflection abroad with ...  Read More The victory of Iran's Great Islamic Revolution, and its Islamic and transboundary characteristics, in addition to changing the structures inside, has had its reflection abroad with the aim of establishing the foundation for the formation of the "Unified Nation of Islam" in different layers. Among these reflections is a pioneer in the use of soft power in a constructive interaction based on Islamic rationality with adherence to the Qur'an and Atrat, which guides the Muslim Ummah in maintaining its Islamic identity in the path of Muslim unity against enemies in achieving common goals. Descriptive-analytical method will be investigated. What is the initiative of the Islamic Revolution of Iran in using the soft power of religion as the most important factor in the unity of Muslims? The findings of the research indicate that the use of religion by the leaders of the Islamic Revolution has led to the formation of Islamic centers and movements, bringing together Shia and Sunni, collective ijtihad, idealizing the freedom of Palestine, reviving the role of Islam in international relations and rationalizing politics, etc. Common beliefs, ideals and goals are the main elements of the unity of Muslims. Due to the foundations of Islam and the soft power of religion, these partnerships have been formed in confronting the enemies.

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Cultural diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran as soft power

hossian rahmanitirkalai

Volume 13, Issue 3 , October 2023, , Pages 51-65

Abstract

  Today, soft power has become one of the advantages of political systems in the field of international relations, and the actors of the international environment want to improve their ...  Read More Today, soft power has become one of the advantages of political systems in the field of international relations, and the actors of the international environment want to improve their prestige and influence by using the soft face of power in their relations. Exploiting soft power enables them to avoid the financial and human losses caused by the use of hard power, and in this way, they bring the minds and opinions of the international public with them. Countries that have more powerful software components have the possibility to influence more in bilateral or multilateral relations. By raising the question of how the cultural diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran can be analyzed with the approach of soft power, this research has reached the answer that promoting the values of the Islamic Revolution through cultural diplomacy is one of the basic goals of the revolution and the context of its soft power. To explain the problem and answer this question, the theory of soft power was used and it was stated that the values and culture of the Islamic Revolution with universal characteristics such as justice, freedom, independence, arrogance and anti-tyranny, defense of the oppressed and oppressed, And... through various tools of cultural diplomacy such as diplomacy: media, scientific, educational, artistic, tourism, religious and linguistic; and by using the capacity of various organizations, bodies and institutions in charge of culture; and benefiting from efficient human resources; It seeks to create a new order.

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The Soft Power of the Armenian Lobby in America and Conflicts in the South Caucasus: Considering the Developments of the Second Karabagh War

Faramarz Taghilou; Akbar Sadeghi

Volume 13, Issue 3 , October 2023, , Pages 113-139

Abstract

  Lobbying by various governmental and non-governmental actors is an example of soft power in the realm of public or informal diplomacy which is done to influence the decisions and policy ...  Read More Lobbying by various governmental and non-governmental actors is an example of soft power in the realm of public or informal diplomacy which is done to influence the decisions and policy processes of governments and international organizations. Controversial issues in the relations between Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkey in the South Caucasus have been one of the main issues of Armenian diaspora lobbying organizations in America in order to exercise soft power in favor of Armenians and Armenia. The recognition of the claim of Armenian genocide by the Ottoman Empire, the attempt for independence or the integration of the Karabagh region into Armenia, and the imposition of restrictions and sanctions against Turkey and Azerbaijan have been the most important lobbying goals of Armenians in the United States. Considering the role of the United States, its policies have been relatively influenced by Armenian lobbying in some cases. This research, in a descriptive-analytical way and relying on soft power, lobbying and influence theories, questioned the role of the Armenian lobby in the United States and reached the hypothesis that the role of the Armenian lobby in the policies of the United States, specially after the second war of Karabagh in 2020, is not the final determinant, but the American policies in the South Caucasus are a function of the level of the activity of the Armenian lobby on the one hand and the course of developments in the region alongside the transformation of American relations with Turkey and Azerbaijan, on the other.

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Review and analysis of soft power measurement methods and indicators

mohsen ahmadpour; Hasan Khodaverdi; Garineh keshishyan Siraki

Volume 13, Issue 3 , October 2023, , Pages 141-164

Abstract

  According to Joseph Nye, as the creator of the theory and concept of soft power, measuring and evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of power is a necessary thing for its practitioners. ...  Read More According to Joseph Nye, as the creator of the theory and concept of soft power, measuring and evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of power is a necessary thing for its practitioners. This is despite the fact that soft power is a relatively fluid concept and therefore there are different frameworks to measure it. Despite the importance of soft power in international relations, how to measure it is difficult because its indicators are variable and due to the subjective nature of some indicators, it is difficult to measure them. Therefore, considering the problems that exist regarding how to measure the soft power of countries, this article seeks to answer the question, what are the most important methods and indicators for measuring soft power? To answer this question, qualitative methodology and content analysis of existing texts and sources regarding soft power have been used.The results showed that in a general summary, soft power measurement indicators can be classified into three main groups including feelings/emotions, impressions/opinions and behaviors, and for each of these three groups and according to the available data, different methods can be used. usedKey words: power, soft power, national interests, index, method, measurement

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signs of change in the established world order; Emphasizing on the decline of America's soft power

Abdulraza Ahmadi Atooee

Volume 13, Issue 3 , October 2023, , Pages 165-184

Abstract

  The world today is the arena of major military, political, health, and economic crises. However, it is called the world order based on the unrivaled power of the United States. But ...  Read More The world today is the arena of major military, political, health, and economic crises. However, it is called the world order based on the unrivaled power of the United States. But crises bring new ideas that challenge previous views due to their failure to solve problems and open a new way in the hope of new openings. This article begins with the question: based on what signs can we think of a change in the established world order? The hypothesis of the research is that the soft power of the United States of America, as the hegemonic power of the established world order, is declining. Therefore, relying on the library method in collecting information, we will look for evidence that can be used to observe the weakening of the established global order.. In this direction, what causes the weakening of America's soft power in the domestic arena of this country.in the international scene has been processed and discussed using descriptive and analytical methods. Some of the evidence discussed in this article is that, inside the United States, the American Dream, which once illuminated the lives of the citizens of that country and was considered a tool for the American government to advance its domestic and foreign policies, is losing its color. so in the world arena, the call of opposition to the policies of the United States is getting louder every day.

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The components of the soft power of the United States of America towards the Islamic Republic of Iran (the 11th and 12th governments)

Mohamadali Shabani; ahmad bakhshayesh; mohammad tohidfam; masoud motalebi

Volume 13, Issue 3 , October 2023, , Pages 185-211

Abstract

  Soft power is reproduced on the basis of components in the target country. Many interactions regarding the scope and extent of the soft power of the United States are being published ...  Read More Soft power is reproduced on the basis of components in the target country. Many interactions regarding the scope and extent of the soft power of the United States are being published and ongoing in the virtual space on various platforms. To understand the subject accurately; We have divided the components of soft power in America into two general categories: socialist and elitist: socialist components whose main goal is based on social change and we see its product in the lifestyle processes of people in society. The second category are the components that the American government through organizations and ministries play an essential role in the process of control, supervision and implementation...This research seeks to examine the question of how the United States has played a role and deepened its influence through its soft power components in the 11th and 12th governments (during the presidency of Hassan Rouhani), so the hypothesis that includes these cases is that; Due to the favorable use of soft power components by affecting the level of awareness, changing lifestyles and increasing political demands in the 11th and 12th governments, America has strengthened the foundations of political instability and influence in the political and cultural fields.

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The soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the face of public opinion engineering by anti-revolutionary groups (case study: presidential election1400 )

Rajabi Hadi; Ramezan Telekani

Volume 13, Issue 3 , October 2023

Abstract

  Problem statement: In today's era, media and especially social networks, by influencing the triple layers of belief, value and behavior, play a very important role in engineering people's ...  Read More Problem statement: In today's era, media and especially social networks, by influencing the triple layers of belief, value and behavior, play a very important role in engineering people's thoughts and political behaviors in elections. In this article, with an emphasis on the 13th presidential election of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the role of the opposition media in engineering public opinion and strategies to counter it in line with the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran have been researched.Research method: The current research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature, type of data and methodological approach of qualitative studies based on thematic analysis. data collection tool, use of sampling method; It is purposeful and based on theoretical saturation. Theme analysis technique was used to analyze the data obtained from the conducted interviews.Findings and conclusions: opposition and counter-revolutionary groups, using methods and methods such as: formation of think tanks and situation analysis tables; focus on disqualifying candidates; creating a crisis and creating a bipolar atmosphere in society; Launching various campaigns, exploiting economic problems, creating rumors, inducing despair and hopelessness, highlighting the role of leadership in the elections, were used to influence and engineer the public opinion of the Iranian society in the 1400 presidential election.The soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran in dealing with these actions includes: the role of the Supreme Leader in guiding public opinion, strengthening the revolutionary flow in social networks, increasing public trust in mass media, etc.

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approach to the position of social capital in the reproduction of the media soft power of J.A. Radio and Television in the field of government performance during the Corona pandemic crisis

Youssef fasihi; Reza Akbari noori; parvin dadandish

Volume 13, Issue 2 , August 2023, , Pages 31-55

Abstract

  Soft power is one of the most important issues of the recent decades that has brought about a tremendous transformation in the field of power and the components and elements of power ...  Read More Soft power is one of the most important issues of the recent decades that has brought about a tremendous transformation in the field of power and the components and elements of power and the application of power. By analyzing and pondering the roots of this issue, we can easily understand the connection between this power and the social and cultural components in the society. One of these components is social capital, which can play a valuable role in creating soft power against the soft tactics of the enemy, especially America. The purpose of this research is to measure the position of social capital in reproducing the media soft power of J.A. Radio and Television in the field of national integration during the crisis of the Corona epidemic. In this research, relying on the combined exploratory research plan, firstly, the components and elements of the category of media soft power reproduction of public sectors (Sada and Sima J.A.A.) in the field of increasing social capital during the Corona epidemic through interviews with experts. 10 people) were identified and then asked to state the main determinants of soft power reproduction. Based on the foundation's data strategy, the text of the interviews was reviewed several times and many concepts were identified as determining the reproduction of soft power, which in several back-and-forth processes, these concepts were divided into four categories: "institutional factors", "policy-making capabilities", "Policy infrastructures" and "participatory environmental interactions" were categorized.

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Examining the components of the decline of America's soft power

AbbasAli Talebi; Hadi i Murad Piri; mohammad sadegh Jalali Rad

Volume 13, Issue 2 , August 2023, , Pages 57-78

Abstract

  In the new century, if a country relies only on maintaining its military and economic power, which is called hard power, and fails to strengthen the third dimension of power, i.e. cultural ...  Read More In the new century, if a country relies only on maintaining its military and economic power, which is called hard power, and fails to strengthen the third dimension of power, i.e. cultural attractions, values and institutions, in competition with other actors with many threats outside its borders Joseph Nye emphasizes that the United States of America has gradually lost the legitimacy of its soft power in some areas in the last years of the 20th century. It has created the ground for the reduction of the soft power of the United States, hence the soft power of the United States is eroding compared to the past. Research findings show that America's soft power is declining compared to other emerging players. Using the descriptive-analytical method and Joseph Nye's soft power theoretical framework, this article seeks to answer the question of what are the factors influencing the decline of American soft power in the international system. Social issues that have taken place in recent years, such as the reduction of military power, the reduction of influence in international institutions, the dissatisfaction of public opinion with unilateralism, the formation of emerging powers, the reduction of the credibility of lifestyles, the weakening of media freedoms, the soft power of America in the long run, it shows a great depression and erosion. In practice, the possible return of America's soft power to its previous position and the ability to maintain the credibility and legitimacy of the past does not seem likely in the short term.

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“Field” and “Diplomacy” in Major Commader Qasem Soliemani’s Strategic Thinking as An Element I. R. Iran’s Soft Power

morteza mahmoodvands; Kayhan Barzegar; ebrahim motaghi

Volume 13, Issue 2 , August 2023, , Pages 79-99

Abstract

  This article studies the hybrid strategy of Major Commander Qasem Soliemani in using “field” and “diplomacy” as an elemnt of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s ...  Read More This article studies the hybrid strategy of Major Commander Qasem Soliemani in using “field” and “diplomacy” as an elemnt of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s soft power to conduct Iran’s regional policy in a competent approach. The authors’ main question is that how such a hybrid strategy in the context of “balance of terror” deterrence and by using soft and hard power instruments has been able to tackle the security threats and creating political opportunity to preserve Iran’s national interests. The authors argue that by using the elements of ally forces (soft power), implementing an active role in post-conflict situation in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Yemen (political power), and suppressing Takfiri terrorist forces such as Al Qaeda and Daesh in the Levant area (security-military power), Commander Soliemani was able to enhance the weight of Iran’s regional power, thereby Iran’s diplomatic bargaining role in handling strategic foreign policy issues such as nuclear deal with world powers. For examining this hypotheses the authors apply historical-analytical research method and “balance of terror” deterrence theory. The author conclude that this hybrid strategy of Commander Soliemani, combined with soft and hard power, has entered Iran into a great geopolitical game and competently increased Iran’s regional role, adding to its strategic value before great powers. The resumption of political relation between Iran and Saudi Arabia and Arab countries of the region could also be perceived in this context.

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Examining the security and political strategy of Iran and China with emphasis on the 25-year cooperation document as soft power

Alireza Ahadnezhad; MIREBRAHIM SEDDIGH; suroush amiri

Volume 13, Issue 2 , August 2023, , Pages 101-126

Abstract

  The concept of soft power was developed at the end of the Cold War to examine international influence through non-coercive means. In recent years, a growing field of research has been ...  Read More The concept of soft power was developed at the end of the Cold War to examine international influence through non-coercive means. In recent years, a growing field of research has been conducted on this concept to investigate the role of religion and culture in the foreign policy of Middle Eastern countries. Existing research tends to focus on soft power from the perspective of Iran and China, which project such an influence. Since Iran and China, as two important countries and two influential players at the regional and international levels, have a significant history in the development of bilateral relations over the past few decades. In examining the current situation, the relations between the two countries can be evaluated at a favorable level in the political, economic, military and strategic fields. The countries that have the economic potential to help this process for China are in the priority of attention of the politicians of this country. In this regard, the Islamic Republic of Iran, as a country with rich oil and gas reserves, can be an estimate of China's needs. From. On the other hand, in the field of the international system, both the countries of the Islamic Republic of Iran and China have not accepted the order desired by the United States and are trying to change this order. In this framework, these two countries can complement each other and expand their areas of cooperation.

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SOFT POWER AND NON-STATE ACTORS

Mohammad Zandi Ziarani; Amirhooshang Mirkooshesh; Ehsan Razani

Volume 13, Issue 2 , August 2023, , Pages 127-151

Abstract

  The aim of this study is to explore how non-state actors utilize soft power and influence in the international arena and to understand their motivations and strategies for cooperating ...  Read More The aim of this study is to explore how non-state actors utilize soft power and influence in the international arena and to understand their motivations and strategies for cooperating with nation states. Additionally, it seeks to analyze the impact of this collaboration on global governance and diplomacy. The study adopts a qualitative research design and employs a conceptual framework that incorporates various theoretical perspectives such as cultural diplomacy, transnational advocacy networks, economic influence, digital communication, and non-governmental organizations. Data collection for this research involves a comprehensive review of relevant literature and case studies. The findings reveal that non-state actors employ diverse methods to exert their soft power and influence. Their motivations for cooperating with nation states encompass shared goals and interests, expertise and resources, soft power and public support and mobilization. Conflict between non-state actors and national governments arises due to disparate interests and objectives, challenges to state sovereignty, power asymmetry, competition for influence, disputes over resources and access, and disparities in power and influence. Nation states respond to non-state actors' soft power initiatives through cooperation, cultural exchange and some other policy and strategy. Cooperation between non-state actors and nation states contributes to the strengthening of global governance, and the introduction of new complexities into the international system. These findings deepen our understanding of the dynamics between non-state actors and nation states in the international arena and shed light on its implications for global governance and diplomacy.

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The influence of the individual factors of the lifestyle of the armed forces on the strength of the internal soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran

khosro bolhasani; alireza eynolghozat; amir hossein elhami

Volume 13, Issue 2 , August 2023, , Pages 153-173

Abstract

  According to the order of the Supreme Leader, strengthening the construction of soft power and reforming the lifestyle are both examples of Jihad. Jihad and reforming the lifestyle ...  Read More According to the order of the Supreme Leader, strengthening the construction of soft power and reforming the lifestyle are both examples of Jihad. Jihad and reforming the lifestyle strengthens the building of national power and causes the formation of the text of Islamic civilization and strengthens the internal structure of the country, and the building of the internal authority of the nation must first of all be done with true and firm faith, the unity of the people and the correct actions of the country's officials and the cooperation of the officials. be with the people; Therefore, according to His Holiness's emphasis on changing and reforming the lifestyle, its individual aspect has been examined. In the following, referring to the statements of Imam Khamenei, high-level documents and the opinions of thinkers in various fields, a conceptual framework was explained and 8 components and 37 indicators were calculated. A sample of experts was examined through the community, and finally, information was collected by distributing a questionnaire to the statistical population of 35 people, and further, by using mixed research with descriptive and inferential methods, analysis was done, and through the method of mean averages. and Friedman's ranking of the importance and weight of statistical factors and it was determined that the components of "individual discipline", "religious faith and knowledge", "worship", "religious insight", "provincialism", "courage and courage", "intelligence" and creativity", "physical fitness" had a great role in promoting soft power and the strength of the internal structure of power.

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Organizational pathology in academic associations, as a bastion of soft power in universities; Case study: Gonabad University

Amirhosein Okhravi; Mahsa karimi Abrade

Volume 13, Issue 2 , August 2023, , Pages 249-280

Abstract

  Soft power involves shaping the preferences of others through attraction and attraction. Universities, in the international scene, are important components in attracting and creating ...  Read More Soft power involves shaping the preferences of others through attraction and attraction. Universities, in the international scene, are important components in attracting and creating the power of software. Scientific student associations are important institutions with their help, scientific boosters among students and support of research cores are formed. But some associations have not been very successful in this way. This research has been done with the aim of finding complications in the activity of scientific associations in universities, identifying and eliminating the root causes. In this research, as a case study, to identify the challenges of scientific associations and their root causes, an intellectual writing session was held based on the root conflict analysis method, with the presence of a team of six experts from University of Gonabad. After prioritizing the root causes using the IPA-FGAHP method and analyzing the improvement scenarios in the balance-ability gap matrix, priority root causes were identified and solutions were proposed to solve them using the TRIZ approach. Among the most important root causes, we can He mentioned the defects in the bylaws of the associations, voting without sufficient recognition, lack of attention and guidance of the department and university officials. Solutions to reduce the damage of root causes were suggested; As an example, we can refer to the review of the bylaws of the associations, changing the nature of the existing spaces to the association room. Finally, the university can use low-cost outsourcing to perform some activities related to programs.

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Analysis of the Power of Mobilization, Activism and Persuasion of the Bazaar Sonati in the Process of the Islamic Revolution Based on Soft Power Components

Younes Kaslekheh; masoud motalebi; Rahmatollah Amirahmadi

Volume 13, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Pages 7-28

Abstract

  Considering that soft power directs the mind and behavior in all social spheres and the ability to shape the preferences of others, and its gender is persuasive; The present study tries ...  Read More Considering that soft power directs the mind and behavior in all social spheres and the ability to shape the preferences of others, and its gender is persuasive; The present study tries to show how the Bazaar Sonati institution mobilized traditional political forces in the process of struggle against the Pahlavi regime until the victory of the Islamic Revolution through the components of soft power based on Islamic-value discourse. Results and Findings The present study, which has been written using a descriptive-analytical method based on the approach of historical sociology, shows that a sense of collective identity, adherence to tradition and religion, especially the Shiite religion, a coherent network of communication with Takaya and Mosques, the culture of resistance, governorship and obedience to authority, the culture of cooperation, cooperation and historical cooperation between the bazaar and the clergy are components of the soft power and political activism of the Bazaar Sonati in persuading and mobilizing markets as part of the traditional middle class in political developments. - is a society leading to the Islamic Revolution.

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New media as a tool of soft power in government diplomacy

fateme taghavi; Mohammad Soltanifar; Hassan Darzian Rostami; Hamid reza Hossini dana

Volume 13, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Pages 29-56

Abstract

  The Aim of the Research is to Explain the Role of New Media as a Tool of Soft Power in Government Diplomacy and a Hybrid Research Approach Which Is From The Delphi Technique for Extracting ...  Read More The Aim of the Research is to Explain the Role of New Media as a Tool of Soft Power in Government Diplomacy and a Hybrid Research Approach Which Is From The Delphi Technique for Extracting and Summarizing the Variables of Soft Power, New Media and DiplomacyAnd to Achieve the Relationships Between the Factors of the Qualitative Sector in the Form of a Model of the Dimtel Technique, And to Test the Exploratory Model and Analyze the Mutual Effects of These Variables on Each Other, Partial Least Squares Technique Was Used Collecting Information Is a Combination of Documentary and Field Methods, But the Basis of Analysis Is The Data Collected From The Delphi Method. The Measurement Tool Is a Structured Questionnaire With a Likert Format The Sample Size Is 15 in the Qualitative Section and 60 in the Quantitative Section and the Statistical Population Consists of Diplomats, Journalists and Professors of Political Science and Communication. Sampling Method is Non-Probability Purposeful and Virtual Snowball. The Findings of the Research Showed that New Media Has a Positive and Meaningful Effect on the Relationship Between Soft Power and DiplomacyAnd The Role of New Media is the Complete Mediation of the Transfer of Power to Diplomacy. In other Words, in the Age of Communication, The Need to Have a Powerful Presence in the World Arena Is to Use New Media at the Head of the Country's Public Diplomacy Apparatus.

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Analyzing the characteristics of the soft power uprising of khordad 15, 1342 with an emphasis on the thought of Imam Khomeini (RA)

mohammad Bidgoli; asghar rajabi dehborzoei

Volume 13, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Pages 57-74

Abstract

  One of the prominent features of the 15 Khordad 1342 uprising was its religious, popular and spontaneous nature. which caused the uproar and grounds for the movement of the people of ...  Read More One of the prominent features of the 15 Khordad 1342 uprising was its religious, popular and spontaneous nature. which caused the uproar and grounds for the movement of the people of the nation and the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. In the thoughts and thinking of Hazrat Imam Khomeini (RA), the establishment of the Islamic government and the implementation of Islamic rules had a special place that had a deep impact on the political-social and intellectual-cultural structure of Iran. The 15th of Khordad uprising is the last chain of transformation before the Islamic revolution, which Imam Khomeini's repeated emphasis on it makes its study and investigation more necessary. In the present research, an attempt has been made to answer this question, what are the soft power indicators of the uprising of 15 Khordad 1342, emphasizing the thought of Imam Khomeini (RA)? The current research is an e-applied development and documentary methods and qualitative content analysis have been used as necessary. The findings of this research indicate that the indicators of the soft power of Khordad 15 Uprising with emphasis on the thought of Imam Khomeini (RA) are the spirit of self-belief and hope for the future, anti-enemy, spiritualism, provincialism and political independence.

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Soft power of media; American hard tools for geopolitical changes in the Middle East

Hassan Yaghoubnia; Afshin Mottaghi; maryam takrosta

Volume 13, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Pages 75-97

Abstract

  With the emergence of modern technologies, as well as the more complex human societies and the role of the media in global relations, power has acquired different characteristics. Hard ...  Read More With the emergence of modern technologies, as well as the more complex human societies and the role of the media in global relations, power has acquired different characteristics. Hard power, without the support of soft power, and soft power, without the support of hard power, cannot maintain their superiority. The United States of America, as one of the largest military and media empires in the history of the world, has been able to create fundamental geopolitical changes in the Middle East through media tools during the last two decades. It was possible to launch all-out wars against Afghanistan and Iraq and guide the events and developments of the Arab world with the help of soft power and especially the media. Therefore, the authors in this article were looking for an answer to the question of “how the United States of America, using the soft power of the mass media and guiding public opinion, has been influential in the geopolitical equations of the Middle East?” The data required for the research was collected by the library method and the research method is descriptive-analytical in line with the theory of soft power. The findings of the research show that a large part of America's soft power is caused by the media. So that without the media, America's soft power will fall. At the same time, the soft power calculation indicators pass through a passage that the American media dominates or shapes them.

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Explaining the role of mass media in public policy as soft power

Seyyed Mahmood Eslami

Volume 13, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Pages 125-140

Abstract

  Modern governments have complex societies and mechanisms. These societies cannot be managed with immediate, simple and comprehensive decisions. As one of the pillars of modern society, ...  Read More Modern governments have complex societies and mechanisms. These societies cannot be managed with immediate, simple and comprehensive decisions. As one of the pillars of modern society, media and social networks play a significant role in optimal and efficient public policy. The influence and manner of connecting media and public policy is one of the new topics in the field of public policy studies. In this article, the impact of mass media as soft actors on public policy was investigated using the library method. The results of this study show that the media plays a positive and negative dual role in policy making. The positive side of establishing and linking public opinion with the government and persuading the majority of people to increase the probability of success of policies, its negative side, especially with the expansion of social networks, the boom of populism and providing false information to the society, and finally creating social barriers against some policies and creating obstacles for The reforms are fundamental.

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