Soft power Studies

Russia's smart power policy (soft and hard) in Syria, with an emphasis on confronting Turkey 2011-2023

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

ehsan jafari far 1
habiballah Abol Hasan Shirazi 2

1 tehran azad

2 Associate Professor of International Relations, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch

Abstract
The Syrian internal crisis started in 2011, but with the intervention of regional andextra-regional actors, it turned into one of the most complex international crises.Russia and the United States are extra-regional players and Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia are regional players in this crisis who tried to succeed in maintaining or overthrowing Basharal-Assad's regime by using soft and hard powerThe confrontation between Russia and Turkey in the Syrian crisis and the superiority of Russia's position in maintaining the regimeof Bashar al-Assad is the aim of this research, so in this article, an attempt will be made to strategically and intelligently combine the soft and hard power(smart power) of Russia against Turkey, focusing on the Syrian crisis.be paid The main question is, how has Russia used smart power against Turkey's intervention in the Syrian crisis (2011-2023)?In order to examine the issue in the framework of the intelligent power point of view, from Joseph Nye's pointof view, Russia's soft power in the dimensions of culture, value and foreign policy and hard power in the military andeconomic dimensions have been discussed.The findings of this research show that in the Syrian field,Russia's smart power has been used with more emphasis on soft power to restrain Turkey, and the most important achievement of Russia from the use of smartpower, without serious military involvement withTurkeyis to preserve Basharal-Assad's regimeand prevent action. Turkey's extensive military action against Syriahas beento take the initiativeof peace talks and gain strategic advantage by signing military and economic contracts. ​

Keywords

Syrian crisis"
smart power"
soft power"
hard power"
Russia"
"
Turkey"

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