basijasatid Soft power Studies 2322-5580 16 1 2026 06 21 From Classical Deterrence to Cognitive Deterrence: Toward an Iranian Strategic Framework for Countering Hybrid Threats From Classical Deterrence to Cognitive Deterrence: Toward an Iranian Strategic Framework for Countering Hybrid Threats 49 74 245020 FA Parham Maddah . 0009-0008-4519-495X Morteza Nourmohammadi . 0000-0002-2196-4402 Journal Article 2025 10 15 The phenomenon of war, an enduring companion of human civilization, continues to represent one of the most significant challenges confronting states in the modern era. Transformations in the levels, nature, and instruments of threats have led to a paradigmatic shift in the character of contemporary warfare—marked by the transition from hard power to soft and smart power. This evolution has redefined the objectives, tools, and strategies of conflict. Within this emerging paradigm, the exploitation of virtual and cognitive domains has become a defining feature of next-generation warfare theories, enabling short, low-cost, and decisive conflicts.<br><br>Consequently, states are compelled to design and implement adaptive defensive mechanisms to address such non-kinetic threats. The Islamic Republic of Iran, increasingly exposed to cognitive warfare, requires an effective strategic framework to safeguard its national security in this domain. Within this context, the concept of cognitive deterrence offers a valuable theoretical and practical foundation for the formulation of a comprehensive defensive doctrine.<br><br>Adopting an analytical–explanatory approach and relying on qualitative data, this study seeks to answer the fundamental question: What are the key components of Iran’s cognitive deterrence in response to cognitive threats? The central hypothesis posits that Iran’s cognitive deterrence rests upon the formulation of a cognitive defensive–offensive doctrine, the development of essential policy and strategic imperatives, and the adoption of an active diplomacy. Collectively, these components aim to introduce a novel approach to Iran’s national security and enhance its resilience against the challenges of cognitive warfare. The phenomenon of war, an enduring companion of human civilization, continues to represent one of the most significant challenges confronting states in the modern era. Transformations in the levels, nature, and instruments of threats have led to a paradigmatic shift in the character of contemporary warfare—marked by the transition from hard power to soft and smart power. This evolution has redefined the objectives, tools, and strategies of conflict. Within this emerging paradigm, the exploitation of virtual and cognitive domains has become a defining feature of next-generation warfare theories, enabling short, low-cost, and decisive conflicts.<br><br>Consequently, states are compelled to design and implement adaptive defensive mechanisms to address such non-kinetic threats. The Islamic Republic of Iran, increasingly exposed to cognitive warfare, requires an effective strategic framework to safeguard its national security in this domain. Within this context, the concept of cognitive deterrence offers a valuable theoretical and practical foundation for the formulation of a comprehensive defensive doctrine.<br><br>Adopting an analytical–explanatory approach and relying on qualitative data, this study seeks to answer the fundamental question: What are the key components of Iran’s cognitive deterrence in response to cognitive threats? The central hypothesis posits that Iran’s cognitive deterrence rests upon the formulation of a cognitive defensive–offensive doctrine, the development of essential policy and strategic imperatives, and the adoption of an active diplomacy. Collectively, these components aim to introduce a novel approach to Iran’s national security and enhance its resilience against the challenges of cognitive warfare. https://www.spba.ir/article_245020_6b444c23ca04ef4db786576233264c86.pdf